Rent & lease notices
Nonpayment Evictions
Review the rent ledger, applicable notice, payment history, and options to pursue or resolve a nonpayment case.
Read the related answer
Shin Law Office · Landlord-tenant attorneys
Landlord-Tenant & Unlawful Detainer Attorneys in Northern Virginia
Understand the notice.
Protect your position. Plan the next step.
A possession dispute can put a home, a rental property, or a business location at stake. We help landlords and tenants address unpaid rent, lease violations, eviction filings, deposits, and the deadlines that follow a court judgment.
Residential and commercial matters. Serving Northern Virginia from Leesburg and Fairfax.
Landlords & tenantsNotices through enforcementShort deadlines need attention
What is an unlawful detainer, and when do you need help?
An unlawful detainer is a court action to recover possession of property. In a rental dispute, the right next step depends on the tenancy, grounds for termination, notice, service, and evidence. A notice to leave is different from a court judgment or a sheriff’s scheduled eviction.
Shin Law Office reviews the claim or defense, explains the available options, and identifies the steps that need attention before the next deadline.
Identify the tenancyResidential and commercial rules are different.
Identify the stageNotice, hearing, judgment, and removal are separate events.
Start with your situation
Where does the matter stand?
Choose your role and the issue that needs attention. The guide points to useful records and a related answer.
Step 1 of 2
What brings you here?
The property, lease, and stage of the dispute help identify the starting point.
This guide organizes a conversation. It does not calculate deadlines, establish a defense, or file a court document.
Already have a hearing, judgment, or sheriff notice? Mention it when you contact the firm. Preserve the complete document and the date and method of delivery. Negotiations do not automatically postpone a court date or scheduled removal.
Landlord-tenant matters we handle
Find the issue in your own words.
Search for the notice, payment problem, property condition, or court document. One dispute may involve more than one service.
Try “tenant will not leave,” “14-day notice,” “rent escrow,” or “appeal bond.”
Showing all six issues.
Rent & lease notices
Lease-Violation Evictions
Address unauthorized occupants, pets, repeated violations, safety concerns, or continued occupancy after a tenancy ends.
Read the related answerCourt & possession
Unlawful Detainer Filings
Prepare or respond to an unlawful detainer case with attention to the notice, service, rent record, and requested relief.
Read the related answerTenant rights & deposits
Tenant Eviction Defense
Evaluate notice and service defects, payment records, qualifying housing conditions, retaliation, and unlawful residential lockouts.
Read the related answerTenant rights & deposits
Security Deposit Disputes
Review deductions, condition evidence, move-out records, and the accounting and refund rules that apply to the tenancy.
Read the related answerCourt & possession
Writs & Appeals
Review the possession order, appeal requirements, sheriff notice, and options that remain after judgment.
Read the related answerTry the document or problem in a shorter phrase.
Select “All issues” to broaden the results, or contact the firm to discuss your situation.
Discuss your matterResidential or commercial?
The property type changes the legal starting point.
The Virginia Residential Landlord and Tenant Act, often called the VRLTA, governs covered residential tenancies. Coverage and exclusions matter, and public or assisted housing can involve additional requirements.
Commercial and other nonresidential tenancies follow a different framework. The lease controls the relationship unless it is silent, in which case the nonresidential chapter applies. Read the actual agreement before choosing a notice or possession remedy.
- Identify the property, use, landlord, tenant, and any guarantor.
- Collect the complete lease, amendments, renewals, and notices.
- Separate possession, rent, damages, deposits, and property-access questions.
Sources: Virginia Code § 55.1-1201: residential coverage · Virginia Code § 55.1-1400: nonresidential tenancies
For landlords
Review the grounds, account balance, notice, evidence, and requested outcome before filing. If rent is accepted or a new agreement is signed, assess the effect on the possession claim.
For tenants
Read each document and calendar the actual dates. Preserve receipts, repair communications, notices, and court papers so any defense or payment option can be evaluated.
Notices, cure rights & termination
Match the notice to the tenancy and the alleged breach.
The reason for termination, wording, delivery, and dates all matter. A familiar form is useful only if it fits the current rule and the actual facts.
| Situation | General rule | What to check |
|---|---|---|
| Unpaid residential rent | 14 days after service | The current VRLTA rule requires written notice of nonpayment and intended termination if the rent remains unpaid. Confirm coverage and any additional requirements. |
| Curable material breach | 21-day cure / at least 30-day termination | The notice must identify the breach and applicable cure and termination dates. An adequate timely cure can prevent termination. |
| Nonremediable breach | Generally at least 30 days after receipt | Use the rule that actually fits the violation. An intentional repeat breach of a like nature has its own notice requirements. |
| Qualifying dangerous conduct | Possible immediate termination | The statute requires criminal or willful conduct that is not remediable and threatens health or safety. Residential court process still applies. |
| Commercial default | Read the lease and nonresidential law | Do not automatically use the residential 14-day period. Section 55.1-1415 addresses five days after receipt of the specified rent-default notice. |
Sources: Virginia Code § 55.1-1245: residential breach and notices · Virginia Code § 55.1-1400: nonresidential tenancies · Virginia Code § 55.1-1415: nonresidential rent default
Check the version.
The residential nonpayment period is 14 days under the rule effective July 1, 2026. An older five-day residential form may no longer fit.
Check delivery.
Keep the complete notice and evidence of how and when it was served or received. Notice delivery and service of a court summons are separate questions.
Check what happened next.
A cure, payment, repeated violation, renewal, or agreement can affect the claim. Review the full sequence before proceeding.
A holdover needs its own review. Lease expiration, month-to-month status, renewal terms, consent to continued occupancy, and required nonrenewal notices affect the right to possession. Read about holdovers
From notice to a court decision
A possession claim depends on the documents and the proof.
After the applicable notice requirements are met, an unlawful detainer filing presents the possession claim to the court. The lease, proper termination notice, service record, payment history, and evidence of any alleged violation help define the case.
Virginia Code § 8.01-126 requires a proper termination notice to be presented and entered into evidence before the plaintiff obtains the requested possession order or judgment. A residential lease-violation action cannot be filed or maintained without a proper and effective termination notice.
- Confirm the correct parties, property, grounds, and requested amounts.
- Organize the facts supporting the claim and any response.
- Attend required hearings and verify any agreed change with the court.
- Read the actual judgment before addressing appeal or enforcement.
Sources: Virginia Code § 8.01-126: unlawful detainer filings · Virginia Code § 8.01-129: unlawful detainer appeals · Virginia Code § 8.01-470: writs of eviction
Possession and money claims
Getting the property back does not settle every balance.
Rent, damages, fees, deposits, and later payments need a supported accounting. Residential damages remain subject to the landlord’s duty to mitigate and the limits on post-possession recovery. Keep the possession request distinct from the amount claimed.
Sources: Virginia Code § 55.1-1251: remedies after termination · Virginia Code § 55.1-1226: security deposits
How possession and money claims differTenant defense & urgent housing issues
Connect each concern to the right evidence and procedure.
A tenant’s response may involve the amount owed, notice, service, condition of the home, or conduct by the landlord. A separate petition or court request may be needed for relief.
Residential lockouts & essential services
A qualifying unlawful exclusion, deliberate interruption of essential services, or action making a home unsafe can support a petition under § 55.1-1243.1. The court can address restoration and statutory remedies when the required facts are proved.
Sources: Virginia Code § 55.1-1243.1: unlawful exclusion and services
What to do about a residential lockoutRepairs & rent escrow
Serious conditions may support a tenant assertion and court rent escrow. Notice, repair opportunities, evidence, and payment requirements matter. A repair complaint does not automatically authorize stopping rent payments.
Sources: Virginia Code § 55.1-1244: tenant assertion and rent escrow
Read the rent-escrow answerNotice, service & the claimed balance
Compare every demand with the lease, ledger, receipts, and credits. Preserve the original notice and court papers. A defense should address the specific defect or disputed fact.
Sources: Virginia Code § 8.01-126: unlawful detainer filings · Virginia Code § 55.1-1250: rent acceptance and redemption
Possible eviction defensesRetaliation & the reason for termination
Protected complaints and other qualifying activity can matter, but sequence alone does not establish retaliation. Review knowledge, intent, evidence, and exceptions under the applicable version of the law.
Sources: Virginia Code § 55.1-1258: retaliation
When retaliation can be an issueCommercial access disputes follow different rules. Virginia’s nonresidential law permits limited self-help after the right of possession ends if it does not incite a breach of the peace. Review the lease, lawful termination, facts, and other applicable law before any entry or lock change. Commercial possession questions
Payment before a residential eviction
Get the amount, deadline, and cancellation right.
Full payment can affect a nonpayment eviction under § 55.1-1250. Eligibility, other pleaded grounds, the required amount, and the timing must all be reviewed.
The full amount
Request a written statement of the exact balance. The required amount can include current rent, lawful charges, court costs, attorney fees, and sheriff fees. The statute specifies cashier’s check, certified check, or money order.
At least 48 hours
The post-return-date payment provision uses no less than 48 hours before the scheduled eviction date and time. Confirm the actual deadline and recipient promptly.
The actual conditions
Other stated grounds for possession may remain. A qualifying small landlord can limit redemption to once per lease period with written notice. Verify whether that limitation applies.
Sources: Virginia Code § 55.1-1250: rent acceptance and redemption
After payment
Keep proof of delivery and the complete payment. Confirm the required notice to the sheriff and any court satisfaction. Do not assume an online ledger entry alone means a scheduled eviction has been canceled.
Full payment and redemptionAt the first return date
A qualifying written commitment from a local government or nonprofit can be a redemption tender, with a statutory payment period. An assistance application alone is different.
Rental assistance and redemption tenderSecurity deposits & the tenancy record
A deduction should connect to the lease, condition, and cost.
For covered residential tenancies, the deposit disposition generally is due within 45 days after the later of termination or the tenant’s vacating date. Review the refund, itemized deductions, unpaid amounts, and any applicable statutory exception.
Reasonable wear and tear is different from chargeable damage. Move-in photographs, move-out findings, repair invoices, receipts, and the landlord’s accounting help test the claimed amount. Commercial deposits require review of the business lease.
- Identify both the termination and vacating dates.
- Preserve the inspection report, photographs, and forwarding-address notice.
- Compare each deduction with the condition record and supporting cost.
- Keep deposit accounting separate from immediate rent-payment obligations.
Sources: Virginia Code § 55.1-1226: security deposits · Virginia Code § 55.1-1400: nonresidential tenancies
Deposit accounting questionsJudgments, writs & appeals
The next deadline may already be running.
A possession judgment changes the stage of the case. Review appeal requirements and enforcement separately, using the actual court and sheriff documents.
Appeal requirements
Section 8.01-129 generally provides 10 days to take an unlawful detainer appeal. Perfection, applicable security, writ tax, and ongoing rent obligations need attention. Current law exempts a defendant who meets the statutory indigency standard from an appeal bond.
Sources: Virginia Code § 8.01-129: unlawful detainer appeals · Virginia Code § 16.1-107: appeal requirements
Appeal deadline and bond questionsSheriff enforcement
A writ can issue immediately on the plaintiff’s request after judgment. Residential removal cannot occur before the 10-day appeal period expires, and the sheriff must give at least 72 hours’ notice before execution. Review any payment, perfected appeal, satisfaction, or order affecting enforcement.
Sources: Virginia Code § 8.01-129: unlawful detainer appeals · Virginia Code § 8.01-470: writs of eviction · Virginia Code § 55.1-1250: rent acceptance and redemption
Writ and sheriff timingA written resolution should address the pending case.
A payment arrangement or agreed surrender should specify dates, amounts, possession, belongings, deposits, court filings, and any outstanding writ. Verify what must be canceled, dismissed, satisfied, or otherwise addressed.
Prepare for the first conversation
Start with the records you already have.
Tell us what happened, the outcome you need, and the next known date. You can identify missing records as the matter is reviewed.
The agreementWhich lease and amendments apply?
Bring the signed lease, all addenda, renewals, guaranties, notices of nonrenewal, and any later payment or surrender agreement.
The timelineWhat was delivered, and when?
Bring each notice, envelope, service record, summons, order, writ, and sheriff notice. Mark the dates received and the next scheduled event.
The evidenceWhat proves the claim or response?
Bring ledgers, receipts, bank confirmations, repair requests, photographs, inspection reports, deposit statements, and complete communications.
Working with Shin Law Office
Clear facts support a clear next step.
We assess the possession and financial issues together and explain the options that fit the tenancy and the stage of the case.
Identify the matter
Confirm the property, tenancy, proposed client, desired outcome, and immediate dates.
Review the record
Read the lease, notices, service, account history, evidence, and court papers together.
Set the response
Evaluate the claim or defense and the required notice, filing, payment, or court request.
Pursue the next step
Negotiate or proceed in the appropriate forum, then address the effect of any agreement or order.
Meet the attorney
Anthony I. Shin, Esq.
A landlord-tenant dispute often turns on a sequence of events: what the agreement required, what notice was given, what was paid or corrected, and what the court has ordered. Reviewing that sequence with the supporting documents helps identify the claim, response, and deadline that need attention.
Learn more about Anthony ShinNorthern Virginia landlord-tenant matters
Offices in Leesburg and Fairfax.
Tell Shin Law Office where the property is located, whether the tenancy is residential or commercial, and whether you are seeking possession or responding to a claim. Mention any scheduled hearing, judgment, writ, lockout, or interruption of essential services.
Request a consultationLeesburg
118 Edwards Ferry Road, N.E.
Unit 110
Leesburg, VA 20176
Fairfax
8300 Arlington Boulevard
#B2
Fairfax, VA 22031
Office: 571-445-6565 · Cell: 571-215-8823 · Fax: 703-442-8938
Answers before you call
Landlord-tenant and eviction questions.
Direct answers about notices, possession, defenses, deposits, payment, and appeals. The tenancy, documents, facts, and applicable law determine the result.
14-day residential noticeCommercial noticesResidential lockoutsPaying before evictionSecurity deposits10-day appeals
Discuss your situation What is an unlawful detainer in Virginia?
An unlawful detainer is a court action to recover possession of property from someone alleged to be holding it without a right to remain. In a rental dispute, the court may address possession and properly requested amounts owed. A landlord’s termination notice, a summons, a possession judgment, and a sheriff’s eviction notice are different documents with different effects.
Does Shin Law Office represent landlords and tenants?
Shin Law Office handles landlord-tenant and unlawful detainer matters for landlords and tenants, including residential and commercial disputes. The firm reviews the parties, possible conflicts, documents, and requested work before accepting representation. Offices are in Leesburg and Fairfax, serving Northern Virginia.
What notice is required for unpaid residential rent in Virginia?
For a tenancy covered by the Virginia Residential Landlord and Tenant Act, § 55.1-1245(F) currently requires a written notice giving the tenant 14 days after service to pay overdue rent before termination for nonpayment. This rule took effect July 1, 2026. Confirm coverage, proper service, the amount demanded, and any additional federal or housing-program requirements before relying on a notice.
Does the 14-day residential notice rule apply to commercial space?
Do not apply the residential notice period automatically to a commercial lease. Under § 55.1-1400, the lease controls a nonresidential tenancy unless it is silent, in which case the chapter applies. Section 55.1-1415 addresses rent default continuing for five days after receipt of the specified written notice. Review the lease’s default, notice, cure, and termination provisions together with applicable law.
How does a 21/30-day lease-violation notice work?
For a qualifying curable residential breach, § 55.1-1245 generally requires a written notice describing the breach, allowing 21 days to remedy it, and setting termination at least 30 days after receipt if it is not remedied. An adequate, timely cure can prevent termination. Nonremediable breaches and intentional repeat breaches of a like nature have different requirements.
Can dangerous conduct justify immediate termination?
Immediate residential termination requires the statutory conditions, including a criminal or willful act that is not remediable and poses a threat to health or safety. A general allegation of misconduct does not establish those conditions. Immediate termination does not authorize a landlord to carry out a residential eviction without the required court process. The evidence, responsible person, and applicable protections matter.
What if a tenant stays after the lease expires?
Review renewal terms, prior notices, consent to continued occupancy, and the tenancy that exists after expiration. For covered month-to-month residential tenancies, § 55.1-1253 generally calls for written notice at least 30 days before the next rent due date unless the agreement provides a different period. Special mass-nonrenewal and other applicable rules may add requirements. A qualifying holdover can support a possession claim; expiration alone does not authorize residential self-help removal.
What is needed to file an unlawful detainer case?
The filing must correctly identify the parties, property, grounds, requested relief, and supporting facts. Review the lease, proper and effective termination notice, service evidence, rent ledger, and related communications. Virginia Code § 8.01-126 requires the proper termination notice to be presented and entered into evidence before a possession order or judgment for the plaintiff. General district court procedures and service requirements also apply.
Can a defective notice lead to dismissal?
A defective, premature, or improperly handled termination notice can prevent a landlord from obtaining the requested judgment. Section 8.01-126 prohibits filing or maintaining a residential unlawful detainer for an alleged lease violation without a proper and effective termination notice. The defect and procedural posture determine whether a corrected notice, new filing, or other response is needed.
What should I do after receiving an eviction summons?
Read the summons and record the exact court, hearing date, parties, and relief requested. Preserve the notice, envelope or delivery information, lease, payment proof, and communications. Seek advice promptly and attend required hearings unless the court has confirmed otherwise. A settlement discussion or payment does not by itself establish that a hearing has been canceled; a failure to appear can lead to judgment.
How long does an eviction take in Virginia?
There is no reliable universal completion date. Timing depends on the applicable notice, service, hearing schedule, disputed facts, continuances, judgment, appeal requirements, payment or settlement, and sheriff scheduling. Residential court removal cannot occur before the applicable 10-day appeal period expires, and the sheriff must provide the required notice before executing a writ. Review the actual case dates instead of relying on a general estimate.
What defenses may a tenant raise?
Depending on the facts, a tenant may challenge the notice, service, claimed amount, alleged violation, or landlord’s right to possession. Payment records, qualifying housing conditions, retaliation, and other applicable protections may also matter. Each defense needs supporting evidence and must be raised through the proper procedure. An allegation alone does not stop a hearing or scheduled eviction.
Can a residential landlord change the locks or cut utilities?
For a covered residential tenancy, a landlord cannot use an unlawful lockout, interruption of essential services, or action making the home unsafe to force the tenant out. Section 55.1-1243.1 provides a court petition for qualifying willful conduct without court authority, including possible restoration of possession or services and damages. The statute provides an initial hearing within five calendar days of filing and permits emergency relief when its conditions are met. Commercial premises require a different analysis.
Can I withhold rent because repairs have not been made?
Do not assume that a repair problem permits simply stopping rent payments. Virginia provides a tenant-assertion and court rent-escrow procedure for qualifying conditions, with notice, opportunity-to-repair, and payment requirements. Under the version of § 55.1-1244 in effect on October 1, 2026, relief generally requires rent to be paid into court within five days of its due date unless modified by court order. An amended version takes effect January 1, 2027, so confirm the rule that governs the proceeding.
Is eviction after a repair complaint always retaliation?
No. Virginia prohibits specified retaliatory conduct, but a complaint followed by an eviction does not automatically prove retaliation or eliminate a valid possession claim. Review the protected activity, landlord’s knowledge, sequence of events, actual reason for the action, and statutory exceptions, including rent default. Section 55.1-1258 has an amended version effective January 1, 2027; the governing date matters.
Can paying everything owed stop a nonpayment eviction?
For a covered residential nonpayment case, § 55.1-1250 provides payment and redemption rights subject to its conditions. After the return date, the statute permits payment of all required amounts, including applicable current rent, charges, costs, attorney fees, and sheriff fees, no less than 48 hours before the scheduled eviction date and time. Full payment may not resolve other grounds for possession stated in the action. Request the exact amount in writing and verify payment, eligibility, and cancellation promptly.
Is redemption limited to once in a 12-month period?
Section 55.1-1250 does not impose that blanket rule. It allows a qualifying landlord with four or fewer rental dwelling units, or up to a 10 percent interest in four or fewer units, to limit redemption to once per lease period if written notice of that limitation is given. Confirm ownership, the lease period, the notice, and any earlier use of redemption. Do not assume that the same limit applies to every landlord.
Does accepting partial rent cancel an eviction?
Not necessarily. In a covered residential tenancy, § 55.1-1250 permits acceptance of partial payment with a compliant written reservation of rights. Full payment, a new written rental agreement, and other conduct may have different consequences. Review the notice language, amount received, payment date, claimed balance, and all grounds for possession before treating a payment as a waiver or assuming the eviction remains enforceable.
Can rental assistance help at the first court date?
A qualifying redemption tender is a written commitment from a local government or nonprofit to pay the required rent, late charges, attorney fees, and court costs within 10 days of the first return date. Under § 55.1-1250, presenting that tender at the return date can require a 10-day continuance for payment. An application for assistance or an informal promise is not automatically a qualifying tender. Eligibility, full payment, and other possession grounds still need review.
When must a residential security deposit be accounted for?
Section 55.1-1226 generally requires an itemized written disposition and any refund due within 45 days after the later of tenancy termination or the date the tenant vacates. Specific rules address early termination, unpaid utilities, missing forwarding addresses, and certain contractor repairs. Keep proof of both dates, delivery of possession, the forwarding address, the itemization, and deductions. Commercial deposits depend on the lease and applicable nonresidential law.
What deductions can a landlord take from a residential deposit?
Permitted deductions may include accrued rent, authorized charges, qualifying property damage beyond reasonable wear and tear, and actual damages for breach. The landlord must support the deductions and comply with the accounting rules. The residential deposit generally cannot exceed two months’ periodic rent. A deposit is not automatically an immediate credit against delinquent rent or permission to skip the final rent payment.
Can a tenant attend the move-out inspection?
For a covered residential tenancy, § 55.1-1226 requires notice of the tenant’s right to be present in the circumstances the statute describes. A tenant who wants to attend must advise the landlord in writing; the landlord then provides the inspection date and time. The inspection must occur within 72 hours of delivery of possession. Preserve the report and photographs, and distinguish that inspection period from the separate 45-day deposit-accounting rule.
How long do I have to appeal an unlawful detainer judgment?
An appeal from general district court generally must be taken within 10 days under § 8.01-129, with applicable perfection, security, and writ-tax requirements. Current law exempts a defendant found indigent under the statutory standard from an appeal bond. Residential appeals also carry ongoing rent-payment requirements. Promptly review the judgment, eligibility for an exemption, and every required filing or payment; expressing an intent to appeal is not the same as perfecting an appeal.
When can the sheriff carry out a writ of eviction?
A court may order a writ to issue immediately upon a possession judgment if the plaintiff requests it, but the sheriff cannot remove a residential defendant before the 10-day appeal period expires. The sheriff must give at least 72 hours’ notice of the scheduled execution. A perfected appeal, qualifying full payment, satisfaction, or other court action can affect enforcement. Review the actual order, writ, and scheduled date; issuance and execution are separate steps.
Does recovering possession resolve all rent and damage claims?
No. Possession and money claims are related but distinct. The requested relief, evidence, service, and procedural posture determine what the court may award. After residential termination, § 55.1-1251 addresses actual damages and the landlord’s duty to mitigate; it does not authorize a post-possession judgment simply accelerating all future rent. Deposits must be credited under the applicable accounting rules, and payments or reletting can affect amounts owed.
How are commercial possession disputes different?
Virginia’s nonresidential statute gives substantial weight to the lease. Default, cure, notice, guaranty, surrender, rent, and property-access provisions require individual review. Sections 55.1-1400 and 55.1-1415 permit self-help after a nonresidential right of possession terminates if it does not incite a breach of the peace, while preserving a court eviction route. That is not blanket permission to change locks or seize property; the lease, termination, facts, and other applicable law must be evaluated first.
Can the parties settle an eviction or agree on a move-out date?
The parties can explore a written payment, surrender, or settlement agreement where appropriate. Address the move-out date, payment amounts, possession, belongings, deposit, court case, money judgment, fees, and any writ already issued. A pending hearing or eviction should be treated as active until the required court or sheriff action is confirmed. A new written residential rental agreement can make a prior possession order unenforceable under § 55.1-1250.
What should I bring to a landlord-tenant consultation?
Bring the complete lease and addenda, all notices and delivery evidence, rent ledger and receipts, summons and court orders, photographs, repair requests, inspection reports, deposit statement, and settlement communications. Identify the property address, residential or commercial use, parties, desired outcome, and every known notice, hearing, appeal, or sheriff deadline. You can start with the records you already have and identify what is missing.
Address the dispute before the next deadline passes.
Bring the lease, notices, and any court or sheriff papers. We can help evaluate the claim or defense and the next step.
Mention the property type, notice dates, hearing, judgment, and any scheduled removal.
Based in Loudoun County and serving clients across Virginia, Washington DC, and Maryland, we know that when everything’s on the line, the right attorney doesn’t just make a difference, they determine the outcome.
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Copyright © 2026 Shin Law Office, PLC. All rights reserved.
Reproduction of any content on this site is prohibited except for individual, non-commercial, informational use. This limited permission does not allow modification, distribution, or incorporation of any content into other works or publications in any medium. You may not reproduce or distribute content from this site to any third party.